Besides Imprinting

نویسنده

  • Shizuka Uchida
چکیده

It is now firmly recognized that although the majority of mammalian genome is transcribed to RNA, protein-coding transcripts occupy only a minor part of mammalian transcriptome. Instead, increasing evidence suggests that the majority of mammalian RNAs is comprised noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs are a diverse class of RNAs with many subclasses involved in a wide variety of physiological functions, including those in the heart. Although the functions of small RNAs, including microRNAs, have been elucidated in the past 2 decades, those of longer ncRNAs are increasing being investigated in various fields of studies, including cardiovascular medicine. Among longer ncRNAs, those longer than 200 nucleotides are classified as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Numerous screening studies have identified several thousand lncRNAs expressed in the heart using microarrays and next-generation sequencing (eg, RNA sequencing), yet only handful have been characterized. This lack of characterized lncRNAs is partially because of the low sequence conservation of lncRNAs, making it difficult to translate screening of lncRNAs in humans (eg, patients with cardiovascular disease versus healthy donors) to model organisms (eg, mice, rat, and zebrafish) to study the target lncRNAs in vivo because homologs of lncRNAs cannot easily be identified. However, some well-conserved lncRNAs do exist among humans and other organisms, especially those that are involved in genomic imprinting, which is an epigenetic phenomenon whereby genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin dependent manner. Although their function in imprinting is well characterized, the functions outside of imprinting are still under investigation, which should broaden our understanding of lncRNAs in general and especially in the heart in relation to cardiovascular disease in the hope of understanding yet unsolved pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.

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تاریخ انتشار 2017